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Contents

List of Sources vii Introduction 1 Part I the Nature of Morality: What Is Morality? 25 1 Plato, Morality as a Good in Itself 27 2 A. J. Ayer, The Emotive Theory of Morality 35 3 Brand Blanshard, The New Subjectivism in Morality 43 4 John R. Searle, How to Derive "Ought" from "Is" 49 5 Antony Flew, On Not Deriving "Ought" from "Is" 56 6 Philippa Foot, Moral Beliefs 62 7 Alasdair MacIntyre, Moral Disagreement Today and the Claims of Emotivism 73 Part II the Justification of Morality: Why Be Moral? 81 8 David Hume, On Reason and the Emotions 83 9 Alan Gewirth, The Justificatory Argument for Human Rights 88 10 Christine M. Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity 95 11 James P. Sterba, The Justification of Morality and the Behavior of Women 115 12 Alan Gewirth, The Rational Justification of Morality Revisited 135 13 Philippa Foot, Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 140 Part III Alternative Moral Perspectives: What Does Morality Require? 149 A Utility 151 14 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 151 15 Bernard Williams, Against Utilitarianism 169 16 Kai Nielsen, Traditional Morality and Utilitarianism 181 17 Michael Stocker, The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories 192 18 Peter Railton, Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality 197 B Duty 217 19 Immanuel Kant, Duty and Categorical Rules 217 20 Fred Feldman, Kantian Ethics 235 21 Christine M. Korsgaard, Kant on Dealing with Evil 253 22 Jan Narveson, Liberty and Equality - A Question of Balance? 271 23 James P. Sterba, Our Basic Human Right is a Right to Liberty and It Leads to Equality 285 24 John Rawls, Welfare Liberalism 296 25 Charles W. Mills, Race and the Social Contract Tradition 315 C Virtue 330 26 Aristotle, The Virtuous Life 330 27 Martha Nussbaum, Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach 349 28 Alasdair MacIntyre, The Nature of Virtues 371 29 Rosalind Hursthouse, Normative Virtue Ethics 389 30 Robert N. Johnson, Virtue and Right 400 31 Sean Drysdale Walsh, Teleology, Aristotelian Virtue, and Right 409 32 Julia Annas, Ancient Ethics and Modern Morality 419 Part IV Challenges for Morality 435 A Feminism: How is Gender Relevant to Morality? 437 33 Musonius Rufus, Equality for Men and Women 437 34 Carol Gilligan, Moral Orientation and Moral Development 442 35 Virginia Held, Caring Relations and Principles of Justice 456 36 Claudia Card, Particular Justice and General Care 470 37 James P. Sterba, The Masculine Bias in Traditional Ethics and How to Correct It 477 B Environmentalism: Who is to Count in Morality? 498 38 Frans De Waal, Chimpanzee Justice 498 39 Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal 500 40 Paul W. Taylor, The Ethics of Respect for Nature 515 41 James P. Sterba, Kantians and Utilitarians and the Moral Status of Nonhuman Life 531 42 Karen J. Warren, The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism 552 C Multiculturalism: Morality From Whose cultural Perspective? 563 43 Ayaan Hirsi Ali, A Modern Clash of Cultures 563 44 Madeleine Bunting, Can Islam Liberate Women? 572 45 George W. Bush, Freedom and Democracy 578 46 Noam Chomsky, Understanding the Bush Doctrine 585 Suggested Readings 587

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