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Contents

Acknowledgments xi General Introduction 1 I The Philosophical Treatment of Religion 3 Introduction 5 1 The Nature of the Gods, Book 1 7 Cicero II Classical Arguments for Theism 19 Introduction 21 A Teleological Arguments 23 1 The Design Argument 25 Cicero 2 The Fifth Way 27 Thomas Aquinas 3 The Watch and the Watchmaker 28 William Paley 4 Critique of the Design Argument 31 David Hume 5 The Teleological Argument 39 Robin Collins 6 The Argument from the Appearance of Design 51 J. J. C. Smart B Cosmological Arguments 55 1 Plato's Cosmological Argument 57 Plato 2 The Eternality of Motion and the Unmoved Mover 62 Aristotle 3 The Kalam Cosmological Argument 66 Al-GhazAli 4 The Existence and Oneness of God 68 Moses Maimonides 5 The First Three Ways 71 Thomas Aquinas 6 The Argument from Dependent Beings 73 Samuel Clarke 7 Critique of the Cosmological Argument 76 David Hume C Ontological Arguments 79 1 Anselm's Ontological Argument 81 Anselm 2 Descartes's Ontological Argument 84 René Descartes 3 Kant's Critique of the Three Traditional Proofs 90 Immanuel Kant 4 The Ontological Argument 98 Alvin Plantinga III Other Approaches to Religious Belief 113 Introduction 115 A Experience and Revelation as Grounds for Religious Belief 117 1 The Numinous 119 Rudolf Otto 2 Mysticism and Religious Experience 123 William J. Wainwright 3 The Existence of God and the Existence of Homer: Rethinking Theism and Revelatory Claims 137 Sandra Menssen and Thomas D. Sullivan B Fideism 151 1 Truth is Subjectivity 153 Søren Kierkegaard 2 Kierkegaard's Arguments against Objective Reasoning in Religion 157 Robert M. Adams 3 Lectures on Religious Belief 168 Ludwig Wittgenstein C Naturalistic Re-interpretations of Religious Belief 175 1 Origin of Religion 177 David Hume 2 The Essence of Religion in General 183 Ludwig Feuerbach 3 The Future of an Illusion 187 Sigmund Freud IV Who or What is God? 191 Introduction 193 1 On Being 195 Melissus of Samos 2 The Final Cause 198 Aristotle 3 The Divine Darkness 201 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 4 Perfect Being 206 Anselm 5 On the Trinity 210 Richard of St Victor 6 Omnipotence 213 Peter Geach 7 Omniscience and Immutability 223 Norman Kretzmann 8 Atemporal Personhood 231 William L. Craig V Fate, Freedom, and Foreknowledge 237 Introduction 239 1 The Sea Battle Argument 241 Aristotle 2 On Fate and On Divination 244 Cicero 3 God's Timeless Knowing 246 Boethius 4 Ockham on God's Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents 251 Marilyn Adams 5 Middle Knowledge 260 William Hasker VI Religion and Morality 265 Introduction 267 A Is Religion Needed for Morality? 269 1 God is the Measure of All Things 271 Plato 2 The Moral Argument for the Existence of God 272 Immanuel Kant B Divine Command Theory and Divine Motivation Theory 277 1 The Euthyphro Dilemma 279 Plato 2 Questions on the Books of the Sentences 283 Pierre d'Ailly 3 Lectures on Romans 286 Martin Luther 4 Divine Commands 288 Robert M. Adams 5 The Virtues of God and the Foundations of Ethics 299 Linda Zagzebski C Natural Law 311 1 Selections from Treatise on Law 313 Thomas Aquinas VII The Problem of Evil 319 Introduction 321 1 God is Not the Author of Evil 323 Plato 2 On the Anger of God 325 Lactantius 3 That Which Is, Is Good 327 Augustine 4 On the Free Choice of the Will 329 Augustine 5 Formal Summary of the Theodicy 332 Gottfried Leibniz 6 Myth of the Goddess Pallas 339 Gottfried Leibniz 7 Evil and Omnipotence 342 J. L. Mackie 8 The Free Will Defense 350 Alvin Plantinga 9 Soul-making Theodicy 369 John Hick 10 Friendly Atheism, Skeptical Theism, and the Problem of Evil 380 William L. Rowe 11 Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God 389 Marilyn Adams VIII Death and Immortality 399 Introduction 401 A Is Death Bad? 403 1 Death is Nothing to Us 405 Epicurus 2 Death 407 Thomas Nagel B Life after Death 413 1 The Separation of the Soul from the Body 415 Plato 2 The Future Life 417 Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 3 The Possibility of Immortality 420 René Descartes 4 Personal Identity and Consciousness 422 John Locke 5 Do We Survive Death? 427 Bertrand Russell 6 Religious and Near-death Experience in Relation to Belief in a Future Life 430 Paul Badham IX The Diversity of Religions 441 Introduction 443 1 Religious Pluralism and Salvation 445 John Hick 2 The Bodhgaya Interview (1981) 455 The Dalai Lama 3 Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions 459 Karl Rahner 4 Self-trust and the Diversity of Religions 465 Linda Zagzebski X Faith, Reason, and the Ethics of Belief 475 Introduction 477 A Faith and Reason 479 1 How Justin Found Philosophy 481 Justin Martyr 2 Prescriptions against the Heretics 487 Tertullian 3 In What Respect Philosophy Contributes to the Comprehension of Divine Truth 490 Clement of Alexandria 4 The Decisive Treatise, Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophy 492 Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 5 Faith and Reason 496 Thomas Aquinas 6 Belief in God is Natural 501 John Calvin 7 Faith, Reason, and Enthusiasm 504 John Locke 8 Return to Reason: The Irrationality of Evidentialism 515 Kelly James Clark B Pragmatism and the Ethics of Belief 533 1 The Wager 535 Blaise Pascal 2 Pascalian Wagering 538 Thomas V. Morris 3 The Ethics of Belief 544 W. K. Clifford 4 The Will to Believe 549 William James XI Science, Religion, and Naturalism 559 Introduction 561 A Miracles 563 1 Miracles 565 Thomas Aquinas 2 A Discourse of Miracles 567 John Locke 3 Of Miracles 572 David Hume 4 David Hume and the Probability of Miracles 583 George I. Mavrodes B Science, Religion, and Naturalism 595 1 Letter to Castelli 597 Galileo Galilei 2 Signs of Intelligence 602 William A. Dembski 3 Atheism and Evolution 614 Daniel C. Dennett 4 Darwin, Design, and Divine Providence 624 John F. Haught 5 How Naturalism Implies Skepticism 636 Alvin Plantinga 6 A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Plantinga on the Self-defeat of Evolutionary Naturalism 648 Timothy O'Connor

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